SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 28
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Water – Energy Nexus 
Sustainable Water Source 
through Ocean Energy 
Candace Brown 
Santa Cruz, California Resident 
September 2014 and October 2014 Update
Three messages in my presentation 
1. Any water sourcing solution has an energy 
cost and often the cost is overlooked or at 
least underestimated. 
2. What is Ocean Energy and unique solutions 
are sprouting up in small communities around 
the world? 
3. Lower cost sustainable water source with 
minimal environmental impact – Consolidated 
Wave energy and Desalination solution in 
Perth, Australia.
19%: The Great Water-Power Wake-Up 
Call 
 Ever wonder how much juice it takes to move water? 
 A few years back, number crunchers at the California Energy Commission tried to add up 
how much electrical power (and other forms of energy) goes into using water in California. 
The bottom line number they came up with: 19%. That is, nearly a fifth of all the power 
generated in California — as well as huge quantities of natural gas and diesel fuel 
consumed in the state — goes into water-related uses. You might call that report, 
entitled California’s Water-Energy Relationship, as The Great Wake-Up Call. The idea that 
so much power could go into this one vital activity—moving and treating and using 
water—is both stunning and captivating. And it has spurred both state agencies and water 
and power utilities into action. 
 22% of that number is moving water – water pumping, extraction, transfer and distribution – 
10,300 GWh/California and another 4% - Wastewater Treatment – 2,000 GWh 
 The logic for that is pretty straightforward: Water is heavy (62.4 pounds per cubic foot) and 
tends to resist moving uphill. It takes a lot of energy to move water, but also to treat it, and 
then treat it again after we use it. 
 The remainder of the 19% - 15% Farm Use – Irrigation, crops, livestock – 7,400 GWh, 28% 
Household/Residential – Heating water, washing clothes and dishes “after the meter” – 
13,500 GWh, 18% Commercial – Cooking, heating and cooling – 8,700 GWh, 13% Industrial 
– Manufacturing sectors, construction, mining, airport usage – 6,000 GWh 
 http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/10/19-percent-californias-great-water-power- 
wake-up-call/
Energy Makes Up Half of Desalination Plant 
Costs: Study – Bloomberg – Apr 30, 2013 
• Energy is the largest single expense for desalination plants, accounting for as much as 
half of the costs to make drinking water from the sea, according to a report. 
• Desalination plants on average use about 15,000 kilowatt- hours of power for every 
million gallons of fresh water that’s produced, the Pacific Institute said today in a report. 
In comparison, wastewater reuse draws as much as 8,300 kilowatt- hours of power for the 
same volume and importing a similar amount of water into Southern California requires 
as much as 14,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity, it said. 
• A 25 percent increase in energy expenses would raise the cost of producing water by 
about 9 percent and 15 percent at reverse osmosis and thermal desalination plants 
respectively, according to the report. Electricity prices in California are projected to rise 
by about 27 percent from 2008 to 2020 in inflation-adjusted dollars as power grid 
infrastructure is maintained or replaced, capacity is added and more renewable energy 
is integrated. 
• http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-01/energy-makes-up-half-of-desalination-plant- 
costs-study.html
Santa Cruz Water System Energy Use 
Now….. 
The City’s water system uses approximately 4,200 megawatt-hours per year 
(MWh/yr) of electrical energy based on both its use of surface and groundwater 
sources. The District’s water system uses approximately 2,600 MWh/yr of electrical 
energy based on its use of groundwater sources (see Appendix O, Summary of 
Energy and GHG Reduction Approach). 
Page 5 of http://www.scwd2desal.org/documents/Draft_EIR/5-9_Utilities_DEIR.pdf
….and Desalination Proposed 
Operation Conditions - Energy (MWh/yr) Half Capacity - 6,800 Full Capacity 13,700 
For typical non-drought year operations, the annual energy use of the proposed scwd2 
Desalination Facility of 6,800 MWh per year is equivalent to any one of the following 
examples: 
The annual energy used by a mid-sized hospital such as Dominican Hospital. 
The annual energy use (electric and gas) for approximately 370 Santa Cruz area 
households. 
Page 14 and 15 of 
http://www.scwd2desal.org/documents/WhitePapers_Fact_Sheets/scwd2_EnergyPaper_04_0 
8_11.pdf
Three messages in my presentation 
1. Any water sourcing solution has an energy 
cost and often the cost is overlooked or at 
least underestimated. 
2. What is Ocean Energy and unique solutions 
are sprouting up in small communities around 
the world? 
3. Lower cost sustainable water source with 
minimal environmental impact – Consolidated 
Wave energy and Desalination solution in 
Perth, Australia.
What is Ocean Power – Part I? 
Ocean power includes technologies that tap the sea’s energy, not only that of 
crashing waves but also the motion of tides and even the heat stored in the 
oceans, which are the world’s largest solar collectors. Ocean power, then, 
includes three types: wave power, tidal power and thermal energy conversion. 
1. Wave Energy - The most obvious form of ocean energy is the power of waves. 
For energy conversion, wave power can be captured on or near shore as well as 
offshore. Offshore systems use the motion of the waves either to create an 
electrical charge with a pump and a floating bobber or buoy, or to operate 
hydraulic pumps within the joints of a floating device resembling a string of 
sausages. The pressurized fluid from the pumps powers a turbine.6 
Onshore techniques include the pendulor, the tapchan and the oscillating water 
column. The pendulor uses a flap swung back and forth by waves to power a 
pump and generator. The tapchan is a tapered channel that forces waves 
higher and thus feeds water into a reservoir above sea level; this water then is 
used to turn a turbine, as with conventional hydroelectric generation. A related 
wave device pressurizes seawater to send it to an elevated onshore storage tank 
for release through a turbine; this device was tested in the Gulf of Mexico before 
“seeking actual ocean environments” for in-situ testing.7 And the partially 
submerged oscillating water column channels waves into an opening to 
compress the air column above the water, forcing it through a turbine; as the 
wave retreats, the falling water pulls the air through the turbine once again.
What is Ocean Power – Part II? 
2. Tidal Energy - To convert tidal power into electricity, a power plant site requires a 
large volume of fast-moving water. This can be found either in locations with a 
wide swing in tidal heights or with tidal flows that pass through a narrow channel. 
The former is often called “traditional” tidal power, while the latter is called “tidal 
stream” power.8 
Forty years ago, tidal power plant design took its cue from the established 
hydroelectric industry. The world’s four “traditional” tidal power plants, in France, 
Russia, Canada and China, use a “barrage” or dam that functions much like an 
onshore dam but requires a tidal inlet or estuary. The tide comes in and builds up a 
difference in water height, and then water is released through gates into turbines.9 
Tidal stream power is featured in two different designs: the tidal fence (underwater 
turnstiles spanning a channel or narrow strait) and the tidal turbine. 
Of the three types of tidal power systems – “traditional,” tidal fence and tidal 
turbine – the tidal turbine is simplest, and the one generating the most research at 
present. These are essentially underwater wind turbines turned by the tidal currents. 
Even though ocean currents are slower than wind speeds (currents of 4 to 5.5 mph 
are optimal for tidal turbines), the density of water is almost 1,000 times that of air, 
which translates to a higher energy yield. The turbines also have little impact on the 
environment; the other types can have problems with silt buildup and can interfere 
with sea life migration because they obstruct a channel.10
What is Ocean Power – Part III? 
3. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion – Finally, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is 
the least accessible form of ocean power, and perhaps the least useful for the U.S. To 
work, OTC needs an optimal temperature difference between warm water on the 
surface and colder water below of about 36 degree F—a range found only in tropical 
coastal areas near the equator. In the U.S., OCT research and testing is taking place in 
Hawaii. The cold water is brought to the surface by a deeply submerged intake pipe. 
Transportation and Transmission of the 3 forms of Ocean Energy – Ocean energy does not 
involve or require fuel transportation or storage. As with other alternative methods of 
generating electricity, however, ocean energy processes need transmission capacity to 
make them a viable power source. Electricity generated offshore by OTC and deep-water 
wave systems typically would send the power through an underwater cable to the 
electrical grid onshore. And all transmission lines can involve issues of access, rights of 
way and property ownership. 
Source for What is Ocean Power Part I, II and III slides: 
http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy/renewable/ocean.php 
State of Texas – Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts 
NOTE: The Carnegie Wave Energy Perth Wave Energy Project (PWEP) is carrying high-pressure 
water to shore and not electricity to generate electricity with an off-the-shelf 
hydro-electric turbine onshore. http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/
Ocean Energy – New Technologies and many Global Projects – Part I 
YouTube – 200 video Playlist on popular Wave power & Energy videos – source of many of the videos below. 
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU 
“Even though wave energy is at the very beginning of the manufacturing learning curve, capital costs per net 
kw are already down in the range of wind energy devices, and below solar.” 
http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/ocean-energy/wave-energy/ 
Carnegie CETO commercialization as the largest Wave Farm in Perth - 1 megawatt per buoy = 500 homes 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0Jbg1GVcUY&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU&index=69 
Perth Wave Energy Project Animation – 2013 – small building footprint and a few large buoys a few kilometers 
out to sea. It consolidate the desalination process with the force of water to convert energy – very efficient. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki5AbYro4hA&index=10&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU 
Oregon State wave-energy buoy with support from National Science Foundation – 11th one now – 
experimenting with buoys that marine life can navigate around….acoustic avoidance systems....80-90% of time 
energy – twice wind and solar – projects that ocean energy is up to 6% of US energy in the future. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LJpBnxzG30&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU&index=107 
SRI International’s Wave-Powered Generators for Clean Energy – “Artificial Muscle – Polymer that when 
stretched can convert energy from mechanical to electrical – great enhancement for buoy systems. 100 times 
more efficient than a coil system to capture energy. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePOB8pUXhBg&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU&index=47 
Queen’s University Belfast, Ire. – Comparison of Direct (eg., CETO) and Indirect Methods Wave-powered Desal 
http://www.spok.dk/seminar/An%20autonomous%20wave-powered%20desalination%20system_21.pdf 
Stanford – Wave Energy Conversion - Following stakeholder consultations and scenario development, InVEST 
can est. how the current location, amount, delivery, and value of services are likely to change in the future. 
http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/pubs/marine/MarineInVEST_Apr2010.pdf
Ocean Energy – New technologies and many Global Projects – 
Part II 
UC Berkeley - Wave energy – 1 square meter of the underwater carpet designed by UC Berkeley provides energy 
for two households – 10 meter carpet can provide the same amount of energy as a soccer field of solar panels 
as wave action provides very dense energy. Ocean waves and tidal currents are one of the most untapped and 
important, clean, cheap, rich, and reliable sources of renewable energy on the earth. UC Berkeley professor 
Reza Alam and his team at the TAF Lab (Theoretical & Applied Fluid Dynamics Laboratory) have developed a 
"wave carpet" which can extract the energy of ocean waves and turn it into electricity and freshwater for 
households and cities. Series: "UC Berkeley News" [Science] [Show ID: 27834] 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZFM0ghuwZs 
Scotland – Air flow from wave power station developed by Voith Hydro (www.voith.com) – Passive system that 
captures airflow from even low-wave motion in a low-profile coastal structure. They claim that 40% of all global 
energy could come from ocean energy (that amounts to 700-800 nuclear power plants). 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcStpg3i5V8 
New Zealand – Current conversion – tidal and wave energy – talks about analogy to wind but current is slower 
and more energy with water with resistance. Working with a number of partners – Experimenting with Northern 
Ireland technology, SeaGen from Marine Current Turbines, Ltd. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxXRejkyeRU&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU&index=110 
Spain – Atlantic - Offshore Desalination Using Wave Energy by Álvaro Serna and Fernando Tadeo 
Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática, Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Doctor Mergelina s/n, 
47011 Valladolid, Spain Received 27 March 2013; Revised 30 May 2013; Accepted 23 June 2013 
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ame/2013/539857/ 
Wales – Tidal Barrage – no seafloor drilling – 10 MW of electricity for 10,000 homes – August 7, 2014 article 
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/08/07/3468583/major-milestone-tidal-power-wales/
Ocean Energy – New Technologies and many Global Projects – 
Part III 
Portugal - Wave grid of 3 long steel 4-piece sectional devices (142M long x 3.5M diameter) that are semi-submerged 
3 miles off coast of Aqucadoura. They generate 2.25 MW – enough electricity for 1,500 homes. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fet4bCYvmLw 
Brazil private/government initiative – first wave energy system in Latin America – external arms that sit on the 
surface near shore or wharf or breakwater edge. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GA_UgVm9bvU 
Northern Europe - Wave Star working system in the North sea and Danish fjords since 2006. Note they are 
pads on standing barges or side of larger vessels. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fu5AK_a9KN0 
Norwegian company, Pontoon Power AS, formed in 2010, that have designed a very scalable Pontoon 
Power Converter (PPC) farm that can be in very remote locations out to sea. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS-s9QzPGDg 
Kiev Eco Wave Power – small scale wave energy generation system – different shapes for different 
environments and lyrics of energy-independence song. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtTZ855O5ds 
Singapore inventor outlines the many forms of energy converters using fluid pumps for waves or flowing 
currents – water/air piston pumps up to a water storage unit, T-Bar (paddle-like) piston pump, Actuator bar 
piston pump, Chain piston pump, Floating oscillating pontoon & piston pump (or with addition of paddle), 
Oscillating actuator T-bar and piston pump, Horizontal rotary wheel & piston pump (or Vertical rotary wheel), 
Axial flow turbine and piston pump, Curve rack and piston pump, mobile piston pump container system, 
ocean farm piston pump system (on a single platform) 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYfs-qYGzvs
Three messages in my presentation 
1. Any water sourcing solution has an energy 
cost and often the cost is overlooked or at 
least underestimated. 
2. What is Ocean Energy and unique solutions 
are sprouting up in small communities around 
the world? 
3. Lower cost sustainable water source with 
minimal environmental impact – Consolidated 
Wave energy and Desalination solution in 
Perth, Australia.
Wave Power Levels Global Distribution 
http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy 
/renewable/ocean.php 
Santa Cruz 
Perth
Perth – CETO Technology – Only Fully 
Submerged Wave Energy & Desal Solution 
About Carnegie Wave Energy Limited is an Australian, ASX-listed (ASX:CWE) wave energy technology 
developer. Carnegie is the 100% owner & developer of the CETO Wave Energy Technology intellectual property. 
About CETO CETO Power & Water 
http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2014/140212_DPP%20Update.pdf 
The CETO system is different from other wave energy devices as it operates under water where it is safer from 
large storms and invisible from the shore. Fully submerged buoys are tethered to seabed pump units. These 
buoys move with the motion of the passing waves and drive the pumps. The pumps pressurize water which is 
delivered onshore via a subsea pipe. 
Onshore, high-pressure water is used to drive hydroelectric turbines, generating zero-emission electricity. 
The high-pressure water can also be used to supply a reverse osmosis desalination plant, replacing or reducing 
reliance on greenhouse gas-emitting, electrically-driven pumps usually required for such plants. 
The technology is also capable of generating power offshore should the specific characteristics of a 
project site require it. http://carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/ceto/ceto-freshwater 
CETO technology characteristics include: 
• Converts ocean wave energy into zero-emission electricity and desalinated water. 
• Environmentally friendly, has minimal visual impact and attracts marine life. 
• Fully-submerged in deep water, away from breaking waves and beachgoers, and unaffected by storms. 
Desalination Project 
Carnegie’s CETO wave energy technology is the only fully submerged wave energy technology capable of 
producing directly desalinated water. A CETO desalination plant is capable of significantly minimizing energy 
losses when compared with traditional desalination plants. The below is a comparison of energy losses between 
a traditional coal powered desalination plant versus a CETO desalination plant. 
http://carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/projects/desalination
Carnegie CETO Freshwater Schematic 
Image source: http://carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/ceto/what-is-ceto 
YouTube Animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki5AbYro4hA – 
Gives you a very real sense of the elegance of the solution.
Perth Wave Energy & Desalination Costs 
Perth Wave Energy Project (‘PWEP’) Fact File 
• Upon completion, PWEP will be the first commercial-scale CETO grid and desalinated 
water connected wave energy project. 
• The Perth Wave Energy Project is supported by $13.1m in Australian Government funding 
through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency’s Emerging Renewables Program. 
• PWEP is supported by $7.3 million from the Government of Western Australia's Low Emissions 
Energy Development (LEED) Fund. This is part of a larger $10 million LEED grant, awarded to 
Carnegie by the Western Australian Government, to support the development of the CETO 
technology from concept through to completion of PWEP. 
• The Desalination Pilot is supported by a $1.27m AusIndustry grant from the Clean 
Technology Innovation Program. 
• Utilizing Carnegie’s fully submerged and commercial proven CETO wave energy device. 
• Providing clean, renewable energy and potable desalinated water to Australia’s largest 
naval base, 
HMAS Stirling, on Garden Island in Western Australia. 
For more information: http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/ 
2014/140212_DPP%20Update.pdf 
Dr Michael Ottaviano, CEO & Managing Director 
Carnegie Wave Energy Limited +61 8 9486 4466 
enquiries@carnegiewave.com 
Website: www.carnegiewave.com
Effectiveness – Supply-Storage Inc./Qty 
and Demand Dec./Qty 
What is CETO - Named after a Greek sea goddess, CETO offers the potential to revolutionize power and water 
production globally. CETO harnesses the enormous renewable energy present in our ocean's waves and converts it 
into two of the most valuable commodities underpinning the sustainable growth of the planet; zero-emission electricity 
and zero-emission desalinated water. 
Unlike other wave energy systems currently under development around the world, the CETO wave power converter is 
the first unit to be fully-submerged and to produce high pressure water from the power of waves. 
By delivering high pressure water ashore, the technology allows either zero-emission electricity to be produced (similar 
to hydroelectricity) or zero-emission freshwater (utilizing standard reverse osmosis desalination technology). The system 
can also be used for co-production of zero-emission electricity and freshwater. 
Advantages of CETO 
Simple - pumping system, electrical generation onshore, manageable size 
Developed & Proven - over 10 years in-ocean at 1/3rd & commercial scale 
Flexible - operates in variety of water depths, swell directions, tides & seafloor conditions 
No Visual Impact - fully submerged 
Storm Survivability - fully submerged & energy relief system 
Security - provides emissions free sustainable energy and water security to countries & islands 
Scalable - modular array design 
Minimal - environmental impact, co-exists with marine life. 
Desalination - zero-emission freshwater & co-production possible 
The $31.2m Project is supported by Australian Federal Government funding through the Emerging Renewables 
Program, and the Western Australian State Government through the Low Emissions Energy Development fund. The 
Australian Department of Defense will buy the electricity generated by the Project to supply HMAS Stirling. 
http://carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/ceto/what-is-ceto
Practicability – Est. Costs (Capital & Oper. Exps), 
Regulatory & Land-use Considerations & Acq., Proven/existing 
Implementations or examples 
Carnegie Wave Energy Limited CETO technology characteristics include: 
• Converts ocean wave energy into zero-emission electricity and desalinated water. 
• Environmentally friendly, has minimal visual impact and attracts marine life. 
• Fully-submerged in deep water, away from breaking waves and beachgoers, and unaffected by storms. 
Perth Wave Energy Project (‘PWEP’) is Australia’s first commercial-scale CETO grid-connected wave energy project. 
• The project is supported by $13.1m in Australian Government funding through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency’s Emerging 
Renewables Program. 
• PWEP is supported by $7.3 million from the Government of Western Australia's Low Emissions Energy Development (LEED) Fund. 
This is part of a larger $10 million LEED grant, awarded to Carnegie by the Western Australian Government, to support the 
development of the CETO technology from concept through to completion of PWEP. 
• Utilizing Carnegie’s fully submerged and commercial proven CETO wave energy device. 
• Providing clean, renewable energy to Australia’s largest naval base, HMAS Stirling, on Garden Island in Western Australia. 
The CETO desalination pilot will be co-located with Carnegie's Perth Wave Energy Project on Garden Island, integrating off-the-shelf 
reverse osmosis desalination technology with the Perth Project’s infrastructure. 
• Key tasks ahead of construction of the desalination pilot plant include completing detailed design, securing environmental 
approvals and the potential integration of the construction and commissioning of the desalination pilot into the delivery of Perth 
Wave Energy Project. 
• The latter will be cost effective as it will allow both projects to be constructed at the same time and then commissioned 
sequentially. 
• The desalination pilot project is supported by $1.27m in Federal Government grant funding from AusIndustry’s Clean Technology 
Innovation Program. 
• Providing potable desalinated water. 
• http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2014/140212_DPP%20Update.pdf
Environmental & Community Impact – Part I 
Greenhouse gases & energy consumption or production, 
Species impacts(sensitive/threatened/endangered), 
Environment benefits, Community/Economic impacts & benefits 
Legislative Framework - The Project requires a range of environmental approvals from the Australian Government, including Department of 
Defense (Defense), and the Government of Western Australia. Garden Island is Commonwealth owned and an active defense base. As such 
environmental management and approvals on Garden Island are managed by Defense, in accordance with the Environment Protection and 
Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and Defense policy. 
Offshore of Garden Island, the primary environmental State legislation under which approvals are required are the Environmental Protection 
Act 1986 (EP Act), the Navigable Waters Regulations 1958 and the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. Aerial view of the Perth Wave Energy 
Project, Western Australia© Copyright Carnegie Wave Energy Limited 2012 
Environmental Assessment 
Carnegie has undertaken an extensive environmental impact assessment (EIA) of all elements of the Project using in-house and external 
environmental experts. Separate marine and terrestrial environmental management plans (EMP) have been completed, in consultation with 
key stakeholders, to support the Project and applications for regulatory approvals. The EMP’s describe the Project, the receiving environment, 
identify and assess potential impacts and identify mitigation and management strategies to protect the environment. 
Terrestrial Environment - Garden Island has significant natural landscapes and high natural heritage values for its scientific diversity of 
important, and also rare, flora and fauna. The island is a significant habitat for several species that have declined in the Perth metropolitan 
area, including the brush bronze wing, lined skink, tiger snake, carpet python and King’s skink. It supports 30 water bird species and 14 species 
of terrestrial reptiles, and a population of Tammar wallabies have all been isolated from mainland populations for some 6000–7000 years. 
Cultural values arise from the archaeology and history associated with the first settlement in Western Australia at Cliff Point by Captain James 
Stirling in 1829, World War II coastal defenses, the development of HMAS Stirling Naval Base and recreational users. Indigenous mythological 
beliefs associated with sites on the island also make a contribution to the heritage values.
Environmental & Community Impact – Part II 
Greenhouse gases & energy consumption or production, 
Species impacts(sensitive/threatened/endangered), 
Environment benefits, Community/Economic impacts & benefits 
Marine Environment - The marine flora and fauna of the region is typically comprised of a mixture of temperate and tropical species. Several 
marine mammal species are known to frequent the waters off Garden Island, including whales, dolphins and sea lions. Various birds, reptiles, 
sharks, rays, and other fish are also commonly found in the area. The seabed is primarily coarse sandy seabed with occasional macro algal-dominated 
limestone reef. The beach is backed by a dune system consisting of a narrow, steep and generally well vegetated fore-dune. The 
waters surrounding Garden Island are used predominantly for recreational purposes such as cruising, fishing, kayaking, surfing and diving 
activities. 
Risk Assessment and Management - Assessment of potential environmental impacts resulting from the Project, together with mitigation and 
management measures to minimize harm to the environment, were reviewed by Carnegie and specialist environmental consultants in 
consultation with the EPA, Defense and other key stakeholders. 
Overall, the Project has been assessed as having relatively low potential risk to the wider environment, with no high or unacceptable risks or 
potential impacts remaining after management. The Marine and Terrestrial Environmental Management Plans identify, mitigate and manage 
all activities related to the Project and its potential impacts, including: 
• impact on seabed habitat as a result of pipeline installation 
• vessel safety during construction and operation of the Project 
• disturbance and erosion of beach and onshore dunes 
• increased bushfire risk during construction 
• accidental discharge of freshwater-based fluids into the environment 
• disturbance of native vegetation and native animals during construction 
• disturbance of Defense and public recreational activity during construction. 
Carnegie will be carrying out additional environmental monitoring and assessments during 
all stages of the Project to ensure effective management is maintained.
Environmental & Community Impact – Part III 
Greenhouse gases & energy consumption or production, 
Species impacts(sensitive/threatened/endangered), 
Environment benefits, Community/Economic impacts & benefits 
Environmental Approvals 
Carnegie referred the marine elements of the Project to the WA Environmental Protection 
Authority (EPA) under Part IV of the EP Act. On 10 December 2012, the EPA announced a 
determined outcome of ‘Not assessed: public advice given’ noting that “potential impacts 
not significant and can be managed under Marine Environmental Management Plan and 
through other government processes.” 
Maritime safety approvals related to the CETO units and offshore pipeline were received 
from the WA Department of Transport in August 2012. 
Carnegie referred the terrestrial elements of the Project to the Department of Defense who, 
on 28 November 2012, issued an Environmental Clearance Certificate for the Project. 
The above represent the key environmental and maritime safety approvals required for the 
Project. The PWEP will be managed through Carnegie’s Environmental Management System 
to ensure compliance with the above environmental approvals and Carnegie's Environmental 
Policy. 
Environment & Community Impact – Part I, II and III slides 
http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2012/121210%20Env_Summary_Sheet_Rev0.pdf 
NOTE: I cite the environment report of the Carnegie PWEP project to show they have a rigorous 
environment and community impact process that is similar to that of the United States.
Final Comments – 
Sustainable Water Source through Ocean Energy 
Timing is everything. I could not have provided this information with the same level of detail a 
year ago and therefore with a confidence that I feel is possible now. Some of the pilots have 
been moving forward almost a decade now and the first commercial projects sponsored by 
other country government agencies with private partnerships are sprouting around the globe. 
When considering all the variables, I am recommending in this submission the Carnegie Wave 
Energy CETO technology that marries wave energy (through a unique high-water pressure 
energy conversion system with off-the-shelf hydro-electric turbine technology to reduce costs) 
and desalination in a compartmentalized and scalable design. 
When considering the precious marine environment surrounding the City of Santa Cruz, there is 
a decade or more of research with Oregon State University in new buoy designs to co-exist 
with whale migration and a new polymer at SRI International that could make buoy energy 
conversion 100 times more efficient and therefore possibly with a smaller buoy footprint. 
Santa Cruz has a real opportunity to be one of the first to marry energy and water security with 
emissions free sustainable energy and zero-emission freshwater. Water and Energy Nexus in this 
case could become a real opportunity for the Santa Cruz Community. The research and 
development costs in ocean energy have been accomplished through projects around the 
world for the last decade. These solutions are scalable and possibly at lower costs than 
projected in earlier Santa Cruz EIR and Analysis reports.
Update – October 2014 – Some Numbers 
Communication with Tim Sawyer – Carnegie Wave Energy Project Development Officer – October 2014 
http://www.carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/board/management 
Bio - Tim Sawyer, B.Sc. (Hons) Oceanography with Physical Geography - Project Development Officer 
Tim has over 13 years experience in marine surveying, environmental impact assessment, management and mitigation of 
environmental impacts, permitting and approvals. Tim has an in depth knowledge of offshore renewable energy development 
including wave, wind and tidal stream energy. 
As Project Development Officer Tim is responsible for wave energy resource definition and commercial site identification and 
assessment. Tim’s role also encompasses stakeholder consultation and management of project permits and approvals. 
http://www.carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/about/directors-and-management - Management - Carnegie Wave Energy 
• Santa Cruz comparable to Perth in wave energy – can pick a spot along the coast best suited – 30-70 meters deep 
• Carnegie Wave Energy Solution - Configure to generate energy only or can anticipate need for possible desal (and only if 
required) and then generate both energy and desal water using hydraulic system through wave energy 
• Carnegie Wave Energy CETO 5 – 240 kW maximum energy – energy for 1 gigaliter water per day 
• In the case of PWAP, primarily energy output (Qty 3 CETO 5 240kW/unit and small Desal pilot – 30 kW/150,000 liters/day) 
• CETO 5 – maximum energy – 240 kW – energy for 1 gigaliter water/day – potable water – direct reverse osmosis. 
• Capital cost - $4 million per 1 MW installed 
• Energy cost - $0.25/kW in short/mid-term and in long-term (few years) - $0.12-13/kW - competitive range. 
• Desal cost – pilot $4.0/kL and commercial scale - $1.5 – 2.0/kL – chemicals are the main expense. 
• CETO 5 – 11 meters wide x 5 meters high – 240 kW - onshore electricity – pressurized water to onshore rotors/hydraulic sys 
• CETO 6 – 16-18 meters wide x 5 meters high – 1 MW power – offshore electricity more efficient – electrical cables to shore
Update – October 2014 – Timelines, Install and 
Financials Carnegie Wave Energy 
Communication with Tim Sawyer – Carnegie Wave Energy Project Development Officer – October 2014 
http://www.carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/board/management 
Bio - Tim Sawyer, B.Sc. (Hons) Oceanography with Physical Geography - Project Development Officer 
• Onshore - Personnel to run electrical utility – Onshore – 4 people – maintain PWEP including desal – need to scale personnel 
as utility operation scales 
• Offshore – vessel to tow unit to location and personnel – 3-year maintenance cycle 
• CETO 5 – testing since 2009 and moving to three CETO 6 devices – PWEP Project – Western Australia - Garden Island – 
• PWEP - Garden Island location is whale migration path – CETO buoys moves with waves - limited opportunity for 
entrapment as tethered tight to sea floor – Constantly monitoring shows no sound impact. Australia takes environmental 
issues as seriously as the United States. 
• Timeline – 4-year process typically through final engineering, location designation and approval processes. 
• 2014 – pre-commercial – now – PWEP is the only commercial wave array farm (multiple units) in the world. 
• 2018 – commercial readiness 
• Carnegie Wave Energy – on Australian stock exchange and financials and new October 2014 investor presentation on 
website. 
• Carnegie Wave Energy raised $140 million - $100 million spent in last decade in R&D (CETO 1-6) and remainder in the bank. 
• Wave energy evolving with about 256 designs globally – 15-20 serious projects in R&D – handful that are in pilots. Like solar 
and wind – a few companies at the top tier including Carnegie Wave Energy.
Update – October 2014 – Carnegie Wave Energy 
Technology Releases & Financial Reports 
http://www.carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/ 
2012/120921_Next%20Generation%20CETO%205%20Unit%20Design%20Release.pdf 
2012 Release – CETO 5 - CETO 5 utilizes oil and gas standard “quick connect” technology that reduce unit installation time by 
80% over previous CETO generations. As with the in-ocean operation of previous CETO units, all critical performance 
variables will be validated during the project through the use of specialized in-ocean measurement and communications 
equipment. 
http://www.carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2013/130412_GMREC%20Presentation.pdf 
Global Marine Renewable Energy Conference – April 11, 2013 
Slide 3 - General Martin Dempsey, Chairman of the Joints Chiefs of Staff, the highest ranking military office in USA and 
principal military adviser to the US President, inspecting the CETO wave power system in November 2012. 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETO 
CETO 5 contains no oils, lubricants or offshore electrical components. They are built largely from existing offshore components 
with a predicted subsea lifespan of more than 25 years. 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETO 
Carnegie Wave Energy Annual Reports – 2014, 2013 and 2012: 
http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2014/1014%20annual%20report%20for%20web.pdf - 2014 
http://www.carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2013/130601-CarnegieAR2013-LowQuality.pdf - 2013 
http://www.carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/ 
2012/Carnegie%20Wave%20Energy%20Annual%20Report%202012.pdf - 2012
Update – October 2014 – BOEM and Links to 
Wave Energy Resources 
http://www.boem.gov/Renewable-Energy-Program/Renewable-Energy-Guide/Ocean-Wave-Energy.aspx 
Federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) - Ocean Wave Energy - The recoverable wave energy resource for 
each US region is estimated as: West Coast of United States - 250 TWh/year 
http://www.energy-without-carbon.org/Waves 
Wave power in kW per meter of wave crest in various parts of the world. 
http://www.energy-without-carbon.org/WaveFarms - Wave Farm Competition 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power - Wave Power Systems – Companies and some Locations 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power#Point_absorber_buoy – Types of Wave Energy Devices 
http://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/ocean_energy/in_depth_articles/mountains_of_bluetape_/ 
"The Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (OES) is an intergovernmental collaboration between countries, which 
operates under framework established by the International Energy Agency in Paris." 
Author: Ian Boisvert was a 2011 Ian Axford Fellow in Public Policy through Fulbright New Zealand. Ian is now returned to San 
Francisco, California, where he practices renewable energy and environmental law. 
Part Two: United States’s Mountain Chains of Blue Tape 
Ocean renewable power developers in the United States intent on deploying a pilot scale device must deal with federal and 
state agencies and laws. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is arguably the most important of the federal 
agencies because under the Federal Power Act it has authority to regulate and license hydroelectric projects on navigable 
waters.26 r pilot-scale projects.27 
The three types are: preliminary permits, “Verdant Orders”, and pilot project license policy.

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Hydropowerplant 160313180104
Hydropowerplant 160313180104Hydropowerplant 160313180104
Hydropowerplant 160313180104Mohammad Asif
 
Hydropower 101
Hydropower 101Hydropower 101
Hydropower 101Mandy Wirt
 
Hydro power slide
Hydro power slideHydro power slide
Hydro power slideAnupam Goel
 
Hydropower Generation in Pakistan
Hydropower Generation in PakistanHydropower Generation in Pakistan
Hydropower Generation in Pakistanimakshani
 
Hydroelectrical power generation
Hydroelectrical power generationHydroelectrical power generation
Hydroelectrical power generationYasir Imran
 
Energy Crisis and Hydropower
Energy Crisis and HydropowerEnergy Crisis and Hydropower
Energy Crisis and HydropowerVikram Jaswal
 
Hydropower project
Hydropower projectHydropower project
Hydropower projectNoelle Banks
 
Tidal power plants
Tidal power plantsTidal power plants
Tidal power plantstonygracious
 
Ayushassignment5thsem pe
Ayushassignment5thsem peAyushassignment5thsem pe
Ayushassignment5thsem peAyush Soni
 
Hydroelectric power , dam and turbines
Hydroelectric power , dam and turbinesHydroelectric power , dam and turbines
Hydroelectric power , dam and turbinesZain Ali
 
Tidal current energy an overview
Tidal current energy an overviewTidal current energy an overview
Tidal current energy an overvieweSAT Journals
 
Hydroelectric energy
Hydroelectric energyHydroelectric energy
Hydroelectric energyLluetge
 
Hydropower slide show.
Hydropower slide show.Hydropower slide show.
Hydropower slide show.abdulla4p34h
 
Desalination of Sea Water into Fresh Water Using Thermal and Tidal Power
Desalination of Sea Water into Fresh Water Using Thermal and Tidal PowerDesalination of Sea Water into Fresh Water Using Thermal and Tidal Power
Desalination of Sea Water into Fresh Water Using Thermal and Tidal Powertheijes
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Hydrov2
Hydrov2Hydrov2
Hydrov2
 
Hydropowerplant 160313180104
Hydropowerplant 160313180104Hydropowerplant 160313180104
Hydropowerplant 160313180104
 
Hydropower 101
Hydropower 101Hydropower 101
Hydropower 101
 
Hydro power slide
Hydro power slideHydro power slide
Hydro power slide
 
Hydropower Generation in Pakistan
Hydropower Generation in PakistanHydropower Generation in Pakistan
Hydropower Generation in Pakistan
 
Hydroelectrical power generation
Hydroelectrical power generationHydroelectrical power generation
Hydroelectrical power generation
 
Energy Crisis and Hydropower
Energy Crisis and HydropowerEnergy Crisis and Hydropower
Energy Crisis and Hydropower
 
Hydropower project
Hydropower projectHydropower project
Hydropower project
 
Tidal power plants
Tidal power plantsTidal power plants
Tidal power plants
 
Ayushassignment5thsem pe
Ayushassignment5thsem peAyushassignment5thsem pe
Ayushassignment5thsem pe
 
Thesis on Hydro Power Plant
Thesis on Hydro Power PlantThesis on Hydro Power Plant
Thesis on Hydro Power Plant
 
Hydroelectric power , dam and turbines
Hydroelectric power , dam and turbinesHydroelectric power , dam and turbines
Hydroelectric power , dam and turbines
 
HYDRO POWER
HYDRO  POWERHYDRO  POWER
HYDRO POWER
 
Physics hhw
Physics hhwPhysics hhw
Physics hhw
 
Tidal energy
Tidal energyTidal energy
Tidal energy
 
Tidal current energy an overview
Tidal current energy an overviewTidal current energy an overview
Tidal current energy an overview
 
Hydroelectric energy
Hydroelectric energyHydroelectric energy
Hydroelectric energy
 
Hydropower slide show.
Hydropower slide show.Hydropower slide show.
Hydropower slide show.
 
Report Tidal power .
Report Tidal power . Report Tidal power .
Report Tidal power .
 
Desalination of Sea Water into Fresh Water Using Thermal and Tidal Power
Desalination of Sea Water into Fresh Water Using Thermal and Tidal PowerDesalination of Sea Water into Fresh Water Using Thermal and Tidal Power
Desalination of Sea Water into Fresh Water Using Thermal and Tidal Power
 

Andere mochten auch

Ocean Energy
Ocean EnergyOcean Energy
Ocean Energy5Elemento
 
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Ocean thermal energy conversionOcean thermal energy conversion
Ocean thermal energy conversionPintu Khan
 
05 Water and Energy
05 Water and Energy05 Water and Energy
05 Water and EnergyJill Watkins
 
Energy and environment (ocean energy is blue energy)
Energy and environment (ocean energy is blue energy)Energy and environment (ocean energy is blue energy)
Energy and environment (ocean energy is blue energy)Teguh Andoria
 
Sustainable Water Management
Sustainable Water ManagementSustainable Water Management
Sustainable Water ManagementChiara Gozzi
 
OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION
OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSIONOCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION
OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSIONArshad Babu
 
Klargester presentation sustainable water
Klargester presentation sustainable waterKlargester presentation sustainable water
Klargester presentation sustainable waterKingspanEnvironmental
 
Water and sustainable development
Water and sustainable developmentWater and sustainable development
Water and sustainable developmentSaisujan Piriya
 
Bladeless wind mill ppt
Bladeless wind mill pptBladeless wind mill ppt
Bladeless wind mill pptsuneelkadium
 
Typmarvn_Vertical and Herizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Typmarvn_Vertical and Herizontal Axis Wind TurbineTypmarvn_Vertical and Herizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Typmarvn_Vertical and Herizontal Axis Wind TurbineThai Minh Dan
 
Sustainable building materials
Sustainable building materialsSustainable building materials
Sustainable building materialsTEJAL PATEL
 
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionOcean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionSuman Sourabh
 
A Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu Kumar
A Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu KumarA Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu Kumar
A Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu Kumarrajaricky
 
Solar Water Heating System
Solar Water Heating SystemSolar Water Heating System
Solar Water Heating SystemBhanu Pratap
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Ocean Energy
Ocean EnergyOcean Energy
Ocean Energy
 
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Ocean thermal energy conversionOcean thermal energy conversion
Ocean thermal energy conversion
 
05 Water and Energy
05 Water and Energy05 Water and Energy
05 Water and Energy
 
Energy and environment (ocean energy is blue energy)
Energy and environment (ocean energy is blue energy)Energy and environment (ocean energy is blue energy)
Energy and environment (ocean energy is blue energy)
 
Sustainable Water Management
Sustainable Water ManagementSustainable Water Management
Sustainable Water Management
 
NCES Wave Plant
NCES Wave PlantNCES Wave Plant
NCES Wave Plant
 
Vertical wind mill
Vertical wind millVertical wind mill
Vertical wind mill
 
Ocean energy
Ocean energyOcean energy
Ocean energy
 
Ocean thermal energy
Ocean thermal energyOcean thermal energy
Ocean thermal energy
 
Wind turbine
Wind turbineWind turbine
Wind turbine
 
Power saving
Power savingPower saving
Power saving
 
OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION
OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSIONOCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION
OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION
 
Klargester presentation sustainable water
Klargester presentation sustainable waterKlargester presentation sustainable water
Klargester presentation sustainable water
 
Water and sustainable development
Water and sustainable developmentWater and sustainable development
Water and sustainable development
 
Bladeless wind mill ppt
Bladeless wind mill pptBladeless wind mill ppt
Bladeless wind mill ppt
 
Typmarvn_Vertical and Herizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Typmarvn_Vertical and Herizontal Axis Wind TurbineTypmarvn_Vertical and Herizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Typmarvn_Vertical and Herizontal Axis Wind Turbine
 
Sustainable building materials
Sustainable building materialsSustainable building materials
Sustainable building materials
 
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionOcean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
 
A Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu Kumar
A Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu KumarA Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu Kumar
A Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu Kumar
 
Solar Water Heating System
Solar Water Heating SystemSolar Water Heating System
Solar Water Heating System
 

Ähnlich wie Water – Energy Nexus, revised PDF by Candace Brown

Ähnlich wie Water – Energy Nexus, revised PDF by Candace Brown (20)

Chapter 14 Hydroelectric Energy.pdf
Chapter 14 Hydroelectric Energy.pdfChapter 14 Hydroelectric Energy.pdf
Chapter 14 Hydroelectric Energy.pdf
 
Hydro Power Plant
Hydro Power PlantHydro Power Plant
Hydro Power Plant
 
Compatible Version RET_G_2_Fall_15-16
Compatible Version RET_G_2_Fall_15-16Compatible Version RET_G_2_Fall_15-16
Compatible Version RET_G_2_Fall_15-16
 
Renewable Energy
Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy
Renewable Energy
 
AbstractIntroductionBodyTylerTyler (Wind Energy) .docx
AbstractIntroductionBodyTylerTyler (Wind Energy)    .docxAbstractIntroductionBodyTylerTyler (Wind Energy)    .docx
AbstractIntroductionBodyTylerTyler (Wind Energy) .docx
 
Tidal and wave energy
Tidal and wave energyTidal and wave energy
Tidal and wave energy
 
Tidal energy
Tidal energyTidal energy
Tidal energy
 
Hydropower
HydropowerHydropower
Hydropower
 
Tidal energy
Tidal energyTidal energy
Tidal energy
 
Hydroelectric power plant (2)
Hydroelectric power plant (2)Hydroelectric power plant (2)
Hydroelectric power plant (2)
 
Alternative energy
Alternative energyAlternative energy
Alternative energy
 
Hydro power ppt
Hydro power pptHydro power ppt
Hydro power ppt
 
Ppt3
Ppt3Ppt3
Ppt3
 
Ppt3
Ppt3Ppt3
Ppt3
 
Ppt3
Ppt3Ppt3
Ppt3
 
Ppt3
Ppt3Ppt3
Ppt3
 
Ppt3
Ppt3Ppt3
Ppt3
 
Tidal Energy.pptx
Tidal Energy.pptxTidal Energy.pptx
Tidal Energy.pptx
 
Hydro power plant
Hydro power plantHydro power plant
Hydro power plant
 
hydro power plant .ppt.pptx
hydro power plant .ppt.pptxhydro power plant .ppt.pptx
hydro power plant .ppt.pptx
 

Mehr von Robert Singleton

Downtown Streets Team Presentation to SCCBC
Downtown Streets Team Presentation to SCCBCDowntown Streets Team Presentation to SCCBC
Downtown Streets Team Presentation to SCCBCRobert Singleton
 
Soquel Creek Water District Presentation to SCCBC
Soquel Creek Water District Presentation to SCCBCSoquel Creek Water District Presentation to SCCBC
Soquel Creek Water District Presentation to SCCBCRobert Singleton
 
SCCBC - 2015 Annual Report
SCCBC - 2015 Annual ReportSCCBC - 2015 Annual Report
SCCBC - 2015 Annual ReportRobert Singleton
 
Tour of UCSC Campus Housing Strategies and Stock
Tour of UCSC Campus Housing Strategies and StockTour of UCSC Campus Housing Strategies and Stock
Tour of UCSC Campus Housing Strategies and StockRobert Singleton
 
Affordable Housing Tour - Santa Cruz
Affordable Housing Tour - Santa CruzAffordable Housing Tour - Santa Cruz
Affordable Housing Tour - Santa CruzRobert Singleton
 
MBEP State of the Region Agenda Nov 4, 2015
MBEP State of the Region Agenda Nov 4, 2015MBEP State of the Region Agenda Nov 4, 2015
MBEP State of the Region Agenda Nov 4, 2015Robert Singleton
 
Water Supply Advisory Committee Draft Agreement on New Supply Options
Water Supply Advisory Committee Draft Agreement on New Supply OptionsWater Supply Advisory Committee Draft Agreement on New Supply Options
Water Supply Advisory Committee Draft Agreement on New Supply OptionsRobert Singleton
 
Water Supply Advisory Committee Open House Flyer
Water Supply Advisory Committee Open House FlyerWater Supply Advisory Committee Open House Flyer
Water Supply Advisory Committee Open House FlyerRobert Singleton
 
Felton LNG Tour Presentation (PG&E)
Felton LNG Tour Presentation (PG&E)Felton LNG Tour Presentation (PG&E)
Felton LNG Tour Presentation (PG&E)Robert Singleton
 
Rick Longinotti's Presentation to the Santa Cruz County Business Council Board
Rick Longinotti's Presentation to the Santa Cruz County Business Council BoardRick Longinotti's Presentation to the Santa Cruz County Business Council Board
Rick Longinotti's Presentation to the Santa Cruz County Business Council BoardRobert Singleton
 
Dew Point Proposal for City of Santa Cruz v6
Dew Point Proposal for City of Santa Cruz v6Dew Point Proposal for City of Santa Cruz v6
Dew Point Proposal for City of Santa Cruz v6Robert Singleton
 
Dutch Girls Santa Cruz Water Supply Advisory Committee Slideshow
Dutch Girls Santa Cruz Water Supply Advisory Committee SlideshowDutch Girls Santa Cruz Water Supply Advisory Committee Slideshow
Dutch Girls Santa Cruz Water Supply Advisory Committee SlideshowRobert Singleton
 

Mehr von Robert Singleton (12)

Downtown Streets Team Presentation to SCCBC
Downtown Streets Team Presentation to SCCBCDowntown Streets Team Presentation to SCCBC
Downtown Streets Team Presentation to SCCBC
 
Soquel Creek Water District Presentation to SCCBC
Soquel Creek Water District Presentation to SCCBCSoquel Creek Water District Presentation to SCCBC
Soquel Creek Water District Presentation to SCCBC
 
SCCBC - 2015 Annual Report
SCCBC - 2015 Annual ReportSCCBC - 2015 Annual Report
SCCBC - 2015 Annual Report
 
Tour of UCSC Campus Housing Strategies and Stock
Tour of UCSC Campus Housing Strategies and StockTour of UCSC Campus Housing Strategies and Stock
Tour of UCSC Campus Housing Strategies and Stock
 
Affordable Housing Tour - Santa Cruz
Affordable Housing Tour - Santa CruzAffordable Housing Tour - Santa Cruz
Affordable Housing Tour - Santa Cruz
 
MBEP State of the Region Agenda Nov 4, 2015
MBEP State of the Region Agenda Nov 4, 2015MBEP State of the Region Agenda Nov 4, 2015
MBEP State of the Region Agenda Nov 4, 2015
 
Water Supply Advisory Committee Draft Agreement on New Supply Options
Water Supply Advisory Committee Draft Agreement on New Supply OptionsWater Supply Advisory Committee Draft Agreement on New Supply Options
Water Supply Advisory Committee Draft Agreement on New Supply Options
 
Water Supply Advisory Committee Open House Flyer
Water Supply Advisory Committee Open House FlyerWater Supply Advisory Committee Open House Flyer
Water Supply Advisory Committee Open House Flyer
 
Felton LNG Tour Presentation (PG&E)
Felton LNG Tour Presentation (PG&E)Felton LNG Tour Presentation (PG&E)
Felton LNG Tour Presentation (PG&E)
 
Rick Longinotti's Presentation to the Santa Cruz County Business Council Board
Rick Longinotti's Presentation to the Santa Cruz County Business Council BoardRick Longinotti's Presentation to the Santa Cruz County Business Council Board
Rick Longinotti's Presentation to the Santa Cruz County Business Council Board
 
Dew Point Proposal for City of Santa Cruz v6
Dew Point Proposal for City of Santa Cruz v6Dew Point Proposal for City of Santa Cruz v6
Dew Point Proposal for City of Santa Cruz v6
 
Dutch Girls Santa Cruz Water Supply Advisory Committee Slideshow
Dutch Girls Santa Cruz Water Supply Advisory Committee SlideshowDutch Girls Santa Cruz Water Supply Advisory Committee Slideshow
Dutch Girls Santa Cruz Water Supply Advisory Committee Slideshow
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Call Girls South Delhi Delhi reach out to us at ☎ 9711199012
Call Girls South Delhi Delhi reach out to us at ☎ 9711199012Call Girls South Delhi Delhi reach out to us at ☎ 9711199012
Call Girls South Delhi Delhi reach out to us at ☎ 9711199012sapnasaifi408
 
(AISHA) Wagholi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...
(AISHA) Wagholi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...(AISHA) Wagholi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...
(AISHA) Wagholi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...ranjana rawat
 
Sustainable Clothing Strategies and Challenges
Sustainable Clothing Strategies and ChallengesSustainable Clothing Strategies and Challenges
Sustainable Clothing Strategies and ChallengesDr. Salem Baidas
 
Along the Lakefront, "Menacing Unknown"s
Along the Lakefront, "Menacing Unknown"sAlong the Lakefront, "Menacing Unknown"s
Along the Lakefront, "Menacing Unknown"syalehistoricalreview
 
VIP Call Girl Gorakhpur Aashi 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Gorakhpur
VIP Call Girl Gorakhpur Aashi 8250192130 Independent Escort Service GorakhpurVIP Call Girl Gorakhpur Aashi 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Gorakhpur
VIP Call Girl Gorakhpur Aashi 8250192130 Independent Escort Service GorakhpurSuhani Kapoor
 
Freegle User Survey as visual display - BH
Freegle User Survey as visual display - BHFreegle User Survey as visual display - BH
Freegle User Survey as visual display - BHbill846304
 
Russian Call Girls Nashik Anjali 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Russian Call Girls Nashik Anjali 7001305949 Independent Escort Service NashikRussian Call Girls Nashik Anjali 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Russian Call Girls Nashik Anjali 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashikranjana rawat
 
VIP Call Girls Saharanpur Aaradhya 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Saha...
VIP Call Girls Saharanpur Aaradhya 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Saha...VIP Call Girls Saharanpur Aaradhya 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Saha...
VIP Call Girls Saharanpur Aaradhya 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Saha...Suhani Kapoor
 
Air pollution soli pollution water pollution noise pollution land pollution
Air pollution soli pollution water pollution noise pollution land pollutionAir pollution soli pollution water pollution noise pollution land pollution
Air pollution soli pollution water pollution noise pollution land pollutionrgxv72jrgc
 
(RIYA) Kalyani Nagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(RIYA) Kalyani Nagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...(RIYA) Kalyani Nagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(RIYA) Kalyani Nagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...ranjana rawat
 
VIP Call Girls Moti Ganpur ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k With R...
VIP Call Girls Moti Ganpur ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k With R...VIP Call Girls Moti Ganpur ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k With R...
VIP Call Girls Moti Ganpur ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k With R...Suhani Kapoor
 
Call Girls Ahmedabad 7397865700 Ridhima Hire Me Full Night
Call Girls Ahmedabad 7397865700 Ridhima Hire Me Full NightCall Girls Ahmedabad 7397865700 Ridhima Hire Me Full Night
Call Girls Ahmedabad 7397865700 Ridhima Hire Me Full Nightssuser7cb4ff
 
Call Girls In Faridabad(Ballabgarh) Book ☎ 8168257667, @4999
Call Girls In Faridabad(Ballabgarh) Book ☎ 8168257667, @4999Call Girls In Faridabad(Ballabgarh) Book ☎ 8168257667, @4999
Call Girls In Faridabad(Ballabgarh) Book ☎ 8168257667, @4999Tina Ji
 
(ANAYA) Call Girls Hadapsar ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
(ANAYA) Call Girls Hadapsar ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service(ANAYA) Call Girls Hadapsar ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
(ANAYA) Call Girls Hadapsar ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Serviceranjana rawat
 
webinaire-green-mirror-episode-2-Smart contracts and virtual purchase agreeme...
webinaire-green-mirror-episode-2-Smart contracts and virtual purchase agreeme...webinaire-green-mirror-episode-2-Smart contracts and virtual purchase agreeme...
webinaire-green-mirror-episode-2-Smart contracts and virtual purchase agreeme...Cluster TWEED
 
VIP Call Girls Service Bandlaguda Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
VIP Call Girls Service Bandlaguda Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130VIP Call Girls Service Bandlaguda Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
VIP Call Girls Service Bandlaguda Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130Suhani Kapoor
 
9873940964 High Profile Call Girls Delhi |Defence Colony ( MAYA CHOPRA ) DE...
9873940964 High Profile  Call Girls  Delhi |Defence Colony ( MAYA CHOPRA ) DE...9873940964 High Profile  Call Girls  Delhi |Defence Colony ( MAYA CHOPRA ) DE...
9873940964 High Profile Call Girls Delhi |Defence Colony ( MAYA CHOPRA ) DE...Delhi Escorts
 
(ZARA) Call Girls Talegaon Dabhade ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
(ZARA) Call Girls Talegaon Dabhade ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service(ZARA) Call Girls Talegaon Dabhade ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
(ZARA) Call Girls Talegaon Dabhade ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Serviceranjana rawat
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Call Girls South Delhi Delhi reach out to us at ☎ 9711199012
Call Girls South Delhi Delhi reach out to us at ☎ 9711199012Call Girls South Delhi Delhi reach out to us at ☎ 9711199012
Call Girls South Delhi Delhi reach out to us at ☎ 9711199012
 
(AISHA) Wagholi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...
(AISHA) Wagholi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...(AISHA) Wagholi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...
(AISHA) Wagholi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Esc...
 
Sustainable Clothing Strategies and Challenges
Sustainable Clothing Strategies and ChallengesSustainable Clothing Strategies and Challenges
Sustainable Clothing Strategies and Challenges
 
Along the Lakefront, "Menacing Unknown"s
Along the Lakefront, "Menacing Unknown"sAlong the Lakefront, "Menacing Unknown"s
Along the Lakefront, "Menacing Unknown"s
 
VIP Call Girl Gorakhpur Aashi 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Gorakhpur
VIP Call Girl Gorakhpur Aashi 8250192130 Independent Escort Service GorakhpurVIP Call Girl Gorakhpur Aashi 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Gorakhpur
VIP Call Girl Gorakhpur Aashi 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Gorakhpur
 
Call Girls In R.K. Puram 9953056974 Escorts ServiCe In Delhi Ncr
Call Girls In R.K. Puram 9953056974 Escorts ServiCe In Delhi NcrCall Girls In R.K. Puram 9953056974 Escorts ServiCe In Delhi Ncr
Call Girls In R.K. Puram 9953056974 Escorts ServiCe In Delhi Ncr
 
Freegle User Survey as visual display - BH
Freegle User Survey as visual display - BHFreegle User Survey as visual display - BH
Freegle User Survey as visual display - BH
 
Russian Call Girls Nashik Anjali 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Russian Call Girls Nashik Anjali 7001305949 Independent Escort Service NashikRussian Call Girls Nashik Anjali 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Russian Call Girls Nashik Anjali 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
 
VIP Call Girls Saharanpur Aaradhya 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Saha...
VIP Call Girls Saharanpur Aaradhya 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Saha...VIP Call Girls Saharanpur Aaradhya 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Saha...
VIP Call Girls Saharanpur Aaradhya 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Saha...
 
Model Call Girl in Rajiv Chowk Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
Model Call Girl in Rajiv Chowk Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝Model Call Girl in Rajiv Chowk Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
Model Call Girl in Rajiv Chowk Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
 
Air pollution soli pollution water pollution noise pollution land pollution
Air pollution soli pollution water pollution noise pollution land pollutionAir pollution soli pollution water pollution noise pollution land pollution
Air pollution soli pollution water pollution noise pollution land pollution
 
(RIYA) Kalyani Nagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(RIYA) Kalyani Nagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...(RIYA) Kalyani Nagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(RIYA) Kalyani Nagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
 
VIP Call Girls Moti Ganpur ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k With R...
VIP Call Girls Moti Ganpur ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k With R...VIP Call Girls Moti Ganpur ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k With R...
VIP Call Girls Moti Ganpur ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k With R...
 
Call Girls Ahmedabad 7397865700 Ridhima Hire Me Full Night
Call Girls Ahmedabad 7397865700 Ridhima Hire Me Full NightCall Girls Ahmedabad 7397865700 Ridhima Hire Me Full Night
Call Girls Ahmedabad 7397865700 Ridhima Hire Me Full Night
 
Call Girls In Faridabad(Ballabgarh) Book ☎ 8168257667, @4999
Call Girls In Faridabad(Ballabgarh) Book ☎ 8168257667, @4999Call Girls In Faridabad(Ballabgarh) Book ☎ 8168257667, @4999
Call Girls In Faridabad(Ballabgarh) Book ☎ 8168257667, @4999
 
(ANAYA) Call Girls Hadapsar ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
(ANAYA) Call Girls Hadapsar ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service(ANAYA) Call Girls Hadapsar ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
(ANAYA) Call Girls Hadapsar ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
 
webinaire-green-mirror-episode-2-Smart contracts and virtual purchase agreeme...
webinaire-green-mirror-episode-2-Smart contracts and virtual purchase agreeme...webinaire-green-mirror-episode-2-Smart contracts and virtual purchase agreeme...
webinaire-green-mirror-episode-2-Smart contracts and virtual purchase agreeme...
 
VIP Call Girls Service Bandlaguda Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
VIP Call Girls Service Bandlaguda Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130VIP Call Girls Service Bandlaguda Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
VIP Call Girls Service Bandlaguda Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
 
9873940964 High Profile Call Girls Delhi |Defence Colony ( MAYA CHOPRA ) DE...
9873940964 High Profile  Call Girls  Delhi |Defence Colony ( MAYA CHOPRA ) DE...9873940964 High Profile  Call Girls  Delhi |Defence Colony ( MAYA CHOPRA ) DE...
9873940964 High Profile Call Girls Delhi |Defence Colony ( MAYA CHOPRA ) DE...
 
(ZARA) Call Girls Talegaon Dabhade ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
(ZARA) Call Girls Talegaon Dabhade ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service(ZARA) Call Girls Talegaon Dabhade ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
(ZARA) Call Girls Talegaon Dabhade ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
 

Water – Energy Nexus, revised PDF by Candace Brown

  • 1. Water – Energy Nexus Sustainable Water Source through Ocean Energy Candace Brown Santa Cruz, California Resident September 2014 and October 2014 Update
  • 2. Three messages in my presentation 1. Any water sourcing solution has an energy cost and often the cost is overlooked or at least underestimated. 2. What is Ocean Energy and unique solutions are sprouting up in small communities around the world? 3. Lower cost sustainable water source with minimal environmental impact – Consolidated Wave energy and Desalination solution in Perth, Australia.
  • 3. 19%: The Great Water-Power Wake-Up Call  Ever wonder how much juice it takes to move water?  A few years back, number crunchers at the California Energy Commission tried to add up how much electrical power (and other forms of energy) goes into using water in California. The bottom line number they came up with: 19%. That is, nearly a fifth of all the power generated in California — as well as huge quantities of natural gas and diesel fuel consumed in the state — goes into water-related uses. You might call that report, entitled California’s Water-Energy Relationship, as The Great Wake-Up Call. The idea that so much power could go into this one vital activity—moving and treating and using water—is both stunning and captivating. And it has spurred both state agencies and water and power utilities into action.  22% of that number is moving water – water pumping, extraction, transfer and distribution – 10,300 GWh/California and another 4% - Wastewater Treatment – 2,000 GWh  The logic for that is pretty straightforward: Water is heavy (62.4 pounds per cubic foot) and tends to resist moving uphill. It takes a lot of energy to move water, but also to treat it, and then treat it again after we use it.  The remainder of the 19% - 15% Farm Use – Irrigation, crops, livestock – 7,400 GWh, 28% Household/Residential – Heating water, washing clothes and dishes “after the meter” – 13,500 GWh, 18% Commercial – Cooking, heating and cooling – 8,700 GWh, 13% Industrial – Manufacturing sectors, construction, mining, airport usage – 6,000 GWh  http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/10/19-percent-californias-great-water-power- wake-up-call/
  • 4. Energy Makes Up Half of Desalination Plant Costs: Study – Bloomberg – Apr 30, 2013 • Energy is the largest single expense for desalination plants, accounting for as much as half of the costs to make drinking water from the sea, according to a report. • Desalination plants on average use about 15,000 kilowatt- hours of power for every million gallons of fresh water that’s produced, the Pacific Institute said today in a report. In comparison, wastewater reuse draws as much as 8,300 kilowatt- hours of power for the same volume and importing a similar amount of water into Southern California requires as much as 14,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity, it said. • A 25 percent increase in energy expenses would raise the cost of producing water by about 9 percent and 15 percent at reverse osmosis and thermal desalination plants respectively, according to the report. Electricity prices in California are projected to rise by about 27 percent from 2008 to 2020 in inflation-adjusted dollars as power grid infrastructure is maintained or replaced, capacity is added and more renewable energy is integrated. • http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-01/energy-makes-up-half-of-desalination-plant- costs-study.html
  • 5. Santa Cruz Water System Energy Use Now….. The City’s water system uses approximately 4,200 megawatt-hours per year (MWh/yr) of electrical energy based on both its use of surface and groundwater sources. The District’s water system uses approximately 2,600 MWh/yr of electrical energy based on its use of groundwater sources (see Appendix O, Summary of Energy and GHG Reduction Approach). Page 5 of http://www.scwd2desal.org/documents/Draft_EIR/5-9_Utilities_DEIR.pdf
  • 6. ….and Desalination Proposed Operation Conditions - Energy (MWh/yr) Half Capacity - 6,800 Full Capacity 13,700 For typical non-drought year operations, the annual energy use of the proposed scwd2 Desalination Facility of 6,800 MWh per year is equivalent to any one of the following examples: The annual energy used by a mid-sized hospital such as Dominican Hospital. The annual energy use (electric and gas) for approximately 370 Santa Cruz area households. Page 14 and 15 of http://www.scwd2desal.org/documents/WhitePapers_Fact_Sheets/scwd2_EnergyPaper_04_0 8_11.pdf
  • 7. Three messages in my presentation 1. Any water sourcing solution has an energy cost and often the cost is overlooked or at least underestimated. 2. What is Ocean Energy and unique solutions are sprouting up in small communities around the world? 3. Lower cost sustainable water source with minimal environmental impact – Consolidated Wave energy and Desalination solution in Perth, Australia.
  • 8. What is Ocean Power – Part I? Ocean power includes technologies that tap the sea’s energy, not only that of crashing waves but also the motion of tides and even the heat stored in the oceans, which are the world’s largest solar collectors. Ocean power, then, includes three types: wave power, tidal power and thermal energy conversion. 1. Wave Energy - The most obvious form of ocean energy is the power of waves. For energy conversion, wave power can be captured on or near shore as well as offshore. Offshore systems use the motion of the waves either to create an electrical charge with a pump and a floating bobber or buoy, or to operate hydraulic pumps within the joints of a floating device resembling a string of sausages. The pressurized fluid from the pumps powers a turbine.6 Onshore techniques include the pendulor, the tapchan and the oscillating water column. The pendulor uses a flap swung back and forth by waves to power a pump and generator. The tapchan is a tapered channel that forces waves higher and thus feeds water into a reservoir above sea level; this water then is used to turn a turbine, as with conventional hydroelectric generation. A related wave device pressurizes seawater to send it to an elevated onshore storage tank for release through a turbine; this device was tested in the Gulf of Mexico before “seeking actual ocean environments” for in-situ testing.7 And the partially submerged oscillating water column channels waves into an opening to compress the air column above the water, forcing it through a turbine; as the wave retreats, the falling water pulls the air through the turbine once again.
  • 9. What is Ocean Power – Part II? 2. Tidal Energy - To convert tidal power into electricity, a power plant site requires a large volume of fast-moving water. This can be found either in locations with a wide swing in tidal heights or with tidal flows that pass through a narrow channel. The former is often called “traditional” tidal power, while the latter is called “tidal stream” power.8 Forty years ago, tidal power plant design took its cue from the established hydroelectric industry. The world’s four “traditional” tidal power plants, in France, Russia, Canada and China, use a “barrage” or dam that functions much like an onshore dam but requires a tidal inlet or estuary. The tide comes in and builds up a difference in water height, and then water is released through gates into turbines.9 Tidal stream power is featured in two different designs: the tidal fence (underwater turnstiles spanning a channel or narrow strait) and the tidal turbine. Of the three types of tidal power systems – “traditional,” tidal fence and tidal turbine – the tidal turbine is simplest, and the one generating the most research at present. These are essentially underwater wind turbines turned by the tidal currents. Even though ocean currents are slower than wind speeds (currents of 4 to 5.5 mph are optimal for tidal turbines), the density of water is almost 1,000 times that of air, which translates to a higher energy yield. The turbines also have little impact on the environment; the other types can have problems with silt buildup and can interfere with sea life migration because they obstruct a channel.10
  • 10. What is Ocean Power – Part III? 3. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion – Finally, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is the least accessible form of ocean power, and perhaps the least useful for the U.S. To work, OTC needs an optimal temperature difference between warm water on the surface and colder water below of about 36 degree F—a range found only in tropical coastal areas near the equator. In the U.S., OCT research and testing is taking place in Hawaii. The cold water is brought to the surface by a deeply submerged intake pipe. Transportation and Transmission of the 3 forms of Ocean Energy – Ocean energy does not involve or require fuel transportation or storage. As with other alternative methods of generating electricity, however, ocean energy processes need transmission capacity to make them a viable power source. Electricity generated offshore by OTC and deep-water wave systems typically would send the power through an underwater cable to the electrical grid onshore. And all transmission lines can involve issues of access, rights of way and property ownership. Source for What is Ocean Power Part I, II and III slides: http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy/renewable/ocean.php State of Texas – Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts NOTE: The Carnegie Wave Energy Perth Wave Energy Project (PWEP) is carrying high-pressure water to shore and not electricity to generate electricity with an off-the-shelf hydro-electric turbine onshore. http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/
  • 11. Ocean Energy – New Technologies and many Global Projects – Part I YouTube – 200 video Playlist on popular Wave power & Energy videos – source of many of the videos below. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU “Even though wave energy is at the very beginning of the manufacturing learning curve, capital costs per net kw are already down in the range of wind energy devices, and below solar.” http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/ocean-energy/wave-energy/ Carnegie CETO commercialization as the largest Wave Farm in Perth - 1 megawatt per buoy = 500 homes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0Jbg1GVcUY&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU&index=69 Perth Wave Energy Project Animation – 2013 – small building footprint and a few large buoys a few kilometers out to sea. It consolidate the desalination process with the force of water to convert energy – very efficient. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki5AbYro4hA&index=10&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU Oregon State wave-energy buoy with support from National Science Foundation – 11th one now – experimenting with buoys that marine life can navigate around….acoustic avoidance systems....80-90% of time energy – twice wind and solar – projects that ocean energy is up to 6% of US energy in the future. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LJpBnxzG30&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU&index=107 SRI International’s Wave-Powered Generators for Clean Energy – “Artificial Muscle – Polymer that when stretched can convert energy from mechanical to electrical – great enhancement for buoy systems. 100 times more efficient than a coil system to capture energy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePOB8pUXhBg&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU&index=47 Queen’s University Belfast, Ire. – Comparison of Direct (eg., CETO) and Indirect Methods Wave-powered Desal http://www.spok.dk/seminar/An%20autonomous%20wave-powered%20desalination%20system_21.pdf Stanford – Wave Energy Conversion - Following stakeholder consultations and scenario development, InVEST can est. how the current location, amount, delivery, and value of services are likely to change in the future. http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/pubs/marine/MarineInVEST_Apr2010.pdf
  • 12. Ocean Energy – New technologies and many Global Projects – Part II UC Berkeley - Wave energy – 1 square meter of the underwater carpet designed by UC Berkeley provides energy for two households – 10 meter carpet can provide the same amount of energy as a soccer field of solar panels as wave action provides very dense energy. Ocean waves and tidal currents are one of the most untapped and important, clean, cheap, rich, and reliable sources of renewable energy on the earth. UC Berkeley professor Reza Alam and his team at the TAF Lab (Theoretical & Applied Fluid Dynamics Laboratory) have developed a "wave carpet" which can extract the energy of ocean waves and turn it into electricity and freshwater for households and cities. Series: "UC Berkeley News" [Science] [Show ID: 27834] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZFM0ghuwZs Scotland – Air flow from wave power station developed by Voith Hydro (www.voith.com) – Passive system that captures airflow from even low-wave motion in a low-profile coastal structure. They claim that 40% of all global energy could come from ocean energy (that amounts to 700-800 nuclear power plants). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcStpg3i5V8 New Zealand – Current conversion – tidal and wave energy – talks about analogy to wind but current is slower and more energy with water with resistance. Working with a number of partners – Experimenting with Northern Ireland technology, SeaGen from Marine Current Turbines, Ltd. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxXRejkyeRU&list=PLNrNZRro6Qu3i3GHerUgvWcqAwYQoFmKU&index=110 Spain – Atlantic - Offshore Desalination Using Wave Energy by Álvaro Serna and Fernando Tadeo Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática, Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Doctor Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain Received 27 March 2013; Revised 30 May 2013; Accepted 23 June 2013 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ame/2013/539857/ Wales – Tidal Barrage – no seafloor drilling – 10 MW of electricity for 10,000 homes – August 7, 2014 article http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/08/07/3468583/major-milestone-tidal-power-wales/
  • 13. Ocean Energy – New Technologies and many Global Projects – Part III Portugal - Wave grid of 3 long steel 4-piece sectional devices (142M long x 3.5M diameter) that are semi-submerged 3 miles off coast of Aqucadoura. They generate 2.25 MW – enough electricity for 1,500 homes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fet4bCYvmLw Brazil private/government initiative – first wave energy system in Latin America – external arms that sit on the surface near shore or wharf or breakwater edge. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GA_UgVm9bvU Northern Europe - Wave Star working system in the North sea and Danish fjords since 2006. Note they are pads on standing barges or side of larger vessels. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fu5AK_a9KN0 Norwegian company, Pontoon Power AS, formed in 2010, that have designed a very scalable Pontoon Power Converter (PPC) farm that can be in very remote locations out to sea. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS-s9QzPGDg Kiev Eco Wave Power – small scale wave energy generation system – different shapes for different environments and lyrics of energy-independence song. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtTZ855O5ds Singapore inventor outlines the many forms of energy converters using fluid pumps for waves or flowing currents – water/air piston pumps up to a water storage unit, T-Bar (paddle-like) piston pump, Actuator bar piston pump, Chain piston pump, Floating oscillating pontoon & piston pump (or with addition of paddle), Oscillating actuator T-bar and piston pump, Horizontal rotary wheel & piston pump (or Vertical rotary wheel), Axial flow turbine and piston pump, Curve rack and piston pump, mobile piston pump container system, ocean farm piston pump system (on a single platform) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYfs-qYGzvs
  • 14. Three messages in my presentation 1. Any water sourcing solution has an energy cost and often the cost is overlooked or at least underestimated. 2. What is Ocean Energy and unique solutions are sprouting up in small communities around the world? 3. Lower cost sustainable water source with minimal environmental impact – Consolidated Wave energy and Desalination solution in Perth, Australia.
  • 15. Wave Power Levels Global Distribution http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy /renewable/ocean.php Santa Cruz Perth
  • 16. Perth – CETO Technology – Only Fully Submerged Wave Energy & Desal Solution About Carnegie Wave Energy Limited is an Australian, ASX-listed (ASX:CWE) wave energy technology developer. Carnegie is the 100% owner & developer of the CETO Wave Energy Technology intellectual property. About CETO CETO Power & Water http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2014/140212_DPP%20Update.pdf The CETO system is different from other wave energy devices as it operates under water where it is safer from large storms and invisible from the shore. Fully submerged buoys are tethered to seabed pump units. These buoys move with the motion of the passing waves and drive the pumps. The pumps pressurize water which is delivered onshore via a subsea pipe. Onshore, high-pressure water is used to drive hydroelectric turbines, generating zero-emission electricity. The high-pressure water can also be used to supply a reverse osmosis desalination plant, replacing or reducing reliance on greenhouse gas-emitting, electrically-driven pumps usually required for such plants. The technology is also capable of generating power offshore should the specific characteristics of a project site require it. http://carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/ceto/ceto-freshwater CETO technology characteristics include: • Converts ocean wave energy into zero-emission electricity and desalinated water. • Environmentally friendly, has minimal visual impact and attracts marine life. • Fully-submerged in deep water, away from breaking waves and beachgoers, and unaffected by storms. Desalination Project Carnegie’s CETO wave energy technology is the only fully submerged wave energy technology capable of producing directly desalinated water. A CETO desalination plant is capable of significantly minimizing energy losses when compared with traditional desalination plants. The below is a comparison of energy losses between a traditional coal powered desalination plant versus a CETO desalination plant. http://carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/projects/desalination
  • 17. Carnegie CETO Freshwater Schematic Image source: http://carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/ceto/what-is-ceto YouTube Animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki5AbYro4hA – Gives you a very real sense of the elegance of the solution.
  • 18. Perth Wave Energy & Desalination Costs Perth Wave Energy Project (‘PWEP’) Fact File • Upon completion, PWEP will be the first commercial-scale CETO grid and desalinated water connected wave energy project. • The Perth Wave Energy Project is supported by $13.1m in Australian Government funding through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency’s Emerging Renewables Program. • PWEP is supported by $7.3 million from the Government of Western Australia's Low Emissions Energy Development (LEED) Fund. This is part of a larger $10 million LEED grant, awarded to Carnegie by the Western Australian Government, to support the development of the CETO technology from concept through to completion of PWEP. • The Desalination Pilot is supported by a $1.27m AusIndustry grant from the Clean Technology Innovation Program. • Utilizing Carnegie’s fully submerged and commercial proven CETO wave energy device. • Providing clean, renewable energy and potable desalinated water to Australia’s largest naval base, HMAS Stirling, on Garden Island in Western Australia. For more information: http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/ 2014/140212_DPP%20Update.pdf Dr Michael Ottaviano, CEO & Managing Director Carnegie Wave Energy Limited +61 8 9486 4466 enquiries@carnegiewave.com Website: www.carnegiewave.com
  • 19. Effectiveness – Supply-Storage Inc./Qty and Demand Dec./Qty What is CETO - Named after a Greek sea goddess, CETO offers the potential to revolutionize power and water production globally. CETO harnesses the enormous renewable energy present in our ocean's waves and converts it into two of the most valuable commodities underpinning the sustainable growth of the planet; zero-emission electricity and zero-emission desalinated water. Unlike other wave energy systems currently under development around the world, the CETO wave power converter is the first unit to be fully-submerged and to produce high pressure water from the power of waves. By delivering high pressure water ashore, the technology allows either zero-emission electricity to be produced (similar to hydroelectricity) or zero-emission freshwater (utilizing standard reverse osmosis desalination technology). The system can also be used for co-production of zero-emission electricity and freshwater. Advantages of CETO Simple - pumping system, electrical generation onshore, manageable size Developed & Proven - over 10 years in-ocean at 1/3rd & commercial scale Flexible - operates in variety of water depths, swell directions, tides & seafloor conditions No Visual Impact - fully submerged Storm Survivability - fully submerged & energy relief system Security - provides emissions free sustainable energy and water security to countries & islands Scalable - modular array design Minimal - environmental impact, co-exists with marine life. Desalination - zero-emission freshwater & co-production possible The $31.2m Project is supported by Australian Federal Government funding through the Emerging Renewables Program, and the Western Australian State Government through the Low Emissions Energy Development fund. The Australian Department of Defense will buy the electricity generated by the Project to supply HMAS Stirling. http://carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/ceto/what-is-ceto
  • 20. Practicability – Est. Costs (Capital & Oper. Exps), Regulatory & Land-use Considerations & Acq., Proven/existing Implementations or examples Carnegie Wave Energy Limited CETO technology characteristics include: • Converts ocean wave energy into zero-emission electricity and desalinated water. • Environmentally friendly, has minimal visual impact and attracts marine life. • Fully-submerged in deep water, away from breaking waves and beachgoers, and unaffected by storms. Perth Wave Energy Project (‘PWEP’) is Australia’s first commercial-scale CETO grid-connected wave energy project. • The project is supported by $13.1m in Australian Government funding through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency’s Emerging Renewables Program. • PWEP is supported by $7.3 million from the Government of Western Australia's Low Emissions Energy Development (LEED) Fund. This is part of a larger $10 million LEED grant, awarded to Carnegie by the Western Australian Government, to support the development of the CETO technology from concept through to completion of PWEP. • Utilizing Carnegie’s fully submerged and commercial proven CETO wave energy device. • Providing clean, renewable energy to Australia’s largest naval base, HMAS Stirling, on Garden Island in Western Australia. The CETO desalination pilot will be co-located with Carnegie's Perth Wave Energy Project on Garden Island, integrating off-the-shelf reverse osmosis desalination technology with the Perth Project’s infrastructure. • Key tasks ahead of construction of the desalination pilot plant include completing detailed design, securing environmental approvals and the potential integration of the construction and commissioning of the desalination pilot into the delivery of Perth Wave Energy Project. • The latter will be cost effective as it will allow both projects to be constructed at the same time and then commissioned sequentially. • The desalination pilot project is supported by $1.27m in Federal Government grant funding from AusIndustry’s Clean Technology Innovation Program. • Providing potable desalinated water. • http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2014/140212_DPP%20Update.pdf
  • 21. Environmental & Community Impact – Part I Greenhouse gases & energy consumption or production, Species impacts(sensitive/threatened/endangered), Environment benefits, Community/Economic impacts & benefits Legislative Framework - The Project requires a range of environmental approvals from the Australian Government, including Department of Defense (Defense), and the Government of Western Australia. Garden Island is Commonwealth owned and an active defense base. As such environmental management and approvals on Garden Island are managed by Defense, in accordance with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and Defense policy. Offshore of Garden Island, the primary environmental State legislation under which approvals are required are the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act), the Navigable Waters Regulations 1958 and the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. Aerial view of the Perth Wave Energy Project, Western Australia© Copyright Carnegie Wave Energy Limited 2012 Environmental Assessment Carnegie has undertaken an extensive environmental impact assessment (EIA) of all elements of the Project using in-house and external environmental experts. Separate marine and terrestrial environmental management plans (EMP) have been completed, in consultation with key stakeholders, to support the Project and applications for regulatory approvals. The EMP’s describe the Project, the receiving environment, identify and assess potential impacts and identify mitigation and management strategies to protect the environment. Terrestrial Environment - Garden Island has significant natural landscapes and high natural heritage values for its scientific diversity of important, and also rare, flora and fauna. The island is a significant habitat for several species that have declined in the Perth metropolitan area, including the brush bronze wing, lined skink, tiger snake, carpet python and King’s skink. It supports 30 water bird species and 14 species of terrestrial reptiles, and a population of Tammar wallabies have all been isolated from mainland populations for some 6000–7000 years. Cultural values arise from the archaeology and history associated with the first settlement in Western Australia at Cliff Point by Captain James Stirling in 1829, World War II coastal defenses, the development of HMAS Stirling Naval Base and recreational users. Indigenous mythological beliefs associated with sites on the island also make a contribution to the heritage values.
  • 22. Environmental & Community Impact – Part II Greenhouse gases & energy consumption or production, Species impacts(sensitive/threatened/endangered), Environment benefits, Community/Economic impacts & benefits Marine Environment - The marine flora and fauna of the region is typically comprised of a mixture of temperate and tropical species. Several marine mammal species are known to frequent the waters off Garden Island, including whales, dolphins and sea lions. Various birds, reptiles, sharks, rays, and other fish are also commonly found in the area. The seabed is primarily coarse sandy seabed with occasional macro algal-dominated limestone reef. The beach is backed by a dune system consisting of a narrow, steep and generally well vegetated fore-dune. The waters surrounding Garden Island are used predominantly for recreational purposes such as cruising, fishing, kayaking, surfing and diving activities. Risk Assessment and Management - Assessment of potential environmental impacts resulting from the Project, together with mitigation and management measures to minimize harm to the environment, were reviewed by Carnegie and specialist environmental consultants in consultation with the EPA, Defense and other key stakeholders. Overall, the Project has been assessed as having relatively low potential risk to the wider environment, with no high or unacceptable risks or potential impacts remaining after management. The Marine and Terrestrial Environmental Management Plans identify, mitigate and manage all activities related to the Project and its potential impacts, including: • impact on seabed habitat as a result of pipeline installation • vessel safety during construction and operation of the Project • disturbance and erosion of beach and onshore dunes • increased bushfire risk during construction • accidental discharge of freshwater-based fluids into the environment • disturbance of native vegetation and native animals during construction • disturbance of Defense and public recreational activity during construction. Carnegie will be carrying out additional environmental monitoring and assessments during all stages of the Project to ensure effective management is maintained.
  • 23. Environmental & Community Impact – Part III Greenhouse gases & energy consumption or production, Species impacts(sensitive/threatened/endangered), Environment benefits, Community/Economic impacts & benefits Environmental Approvals Carnegie referred the marine elements of the Project to the WA Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) under Part IV of the EP Act. On 10 December 2012, the EPA announced a determined outcome of ‘Not assessed: public advice given’ noting that “potential impacts not significant and can be managed under Marine Environmental Management Plan and through other government processes.” Maritime safety approvals related to the CETO units and offshore pipeline were received from the WA Department of Transport in August 2012. Carnegie referred the terrestrial elements of the Project to the Department of Defense who, on 28 November 2012, issued an Environmental Clearance Certificate for the Project. The above represent the key environmental and maritime safety approvals required for the Project. The PWEP will be managed through Carnegie’s Environmental Management System to ensure compliance with the above environmental approvals and Carnegie's Environmental Policy. Environment & Community Impact – Part I, II and III slides http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2012/121210%20Env_Summary_Sheet_Rev0.pdf NOTE: I cite the environment report of the Carnegie PWEP project to show they have a rigorous environment and community impact process that is similar to that of the United States.
  • 24. Final Comments – Sustainable Water Source through Ocean Energy Timing is everything. I could not have provided this information with the same level of detail a year ago and therefore with a confidence that I feel is possible now. Some of the pilots have been moving forward almost a decade now and the first commercial projects sponsored by other country government agencies with private partnerships are sprouting around the globe. When considering all the variables, I am recommending in this submission the Carnegie Wave Energy CETO technology that marries wave energy (through a unique high-water pressure energy conversion system with off-the-shelf hydro-electric turbine technology to reduce costs) and desalination in a compartmentalized and scalable design. When considering the precious marine environment surrounding the City of Santa Cruz, there is a decade or more of research with Oregon State University in new buoy designs to co-exist with whale migration and a new polymer at SRI International that could make buoy energy conversion 100 times more efficient and therefore possibly with a smaller buoy footprint. Santa Cruz has a real opportunity to be one of the first to marry energy and water security with emissions free sustainable energy and zero-emission freshwater. Water and Energy Nexus in this case could become a real opportunity for the Santa Cruz Community. The research and development costs in ocean energy have been accomplished through projects around the world for the last decade. These solutions are scalable and possibly at lower costs than projected in earlier Santa Cruz EIR and Analysis reports.
  • 25. Update – October 2014 – Some Numbers Communication with Tim Sawyer – Carnegie Wave Energy Project Development Officer – October 2014 http://www.carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/board/management Bio - Tim Sawyer, B.Sc. (Hons) Oceanography with Physical Geography - Project Development Officer Tim has over 13 years experience in marine surveying, environmental impact assessment, management and mitigation of environmental impacts, permitting and approvals. Tim has an in depth knowledge of offshore renewable energy development including wave, wind and tidal stream energy. As Project Development Officer Tim is responsible for wave energy resource definition and commercial site identification and assessment. Tim’s role also encompasses stakeholder consultation and management of project permits and approvals. http://www.carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/about/directors-and-management - Management - Carnegie Wave Energy • Santa Cruz comparable to Perth in wave energy – can pick a spot along the coast best suited – 30-70 meters deep • Carnegie Wave Energy Solution - Configure to generate energy only or can anticipate need for possible desal (and only if required) and then generate both energy and desal water using hydraulic system through wave energy • Carnegie Wave Energy CETO 5 – 240 kW maximum energy – energy for 1 gigaliter water per day • In the case of PWAP, primarily energy output (Qty 3 CETO 5 240kW/unit and small Desal pilot – 30 kW/150,000 liters/day) • CETO 5 – maximum energy – 240 kW – energy for 1 gigaliter water/day – potable water – direct reverse osmosis. • Capital cost - $4 million per 1 MW installed • Energy cost - $0.25/kW in short/mid-term and in long-term (few years) - $0.12-13/kW - competitive range. • Desal cost – pilot $4.0/kL and commercial scale - $1.5 – 2.0/kL – chemicals are the main expense. • CETO 5 – 11 meters wide x 5 meters high – 240 kW - onshore electricity – pressurized water to onshore rotors/hydraulic sys • CETO 6 – 16-18 meters wide x 5 meters high – 1 MW power – offshore electricity more efficient – electrical cables to shore
  • 26. Update – October 2014 – Timelines, Install and Financials Carnegie Wave Energy Communication with Tim Sawyer – Carnegie Wave Energy Project Development Officer – October 2014 http://www.carnegiewave.com/index.php?url=/board/management Bio - Tim Sawyer, B.Sc. (Hons) Oceanography with Physical Geography - Project Development Officer • Onshore - Personnel to run electrical utility – Onshore – 4 people – maintain PWEP including desal – need to scale personnel as utility operation scales • Offshore – vessel to tow unit to location and personnel – 3-year maintenance cycle • CETO 5 – testing since 2009 and moving to three CETO 6 devices – PWEP Project – Western Australia - Garden Island – • PWEP - Garden Island location is whale migration path – CETO buoys moves with waves - limited opportunity for entrapment as tethered tight to sea floor – Constantly monitoring shows no sound impact. Australia takes environmental issues as seriously as the United States. • Timeline – 4-year process typically through final engineering, location designation and approval processes. • 2014 – pre-commercial – now – PWEP is the only commercial wave array farm (multiple units) in the world. • 2018 – commercial readiness • Carnegie Wave Energy – on Australian stock exchange and financials and new October 2014 investor presentation on website. • Carnegie Wave Energy raised $140 million - $100 million spent in last decade in R&D (CETO 1-6) and remainder in the bank. • Wave energy evolving with about 256 designs globally – 15-20 serious projects in R&D – handful that are in pilots. Like solar and wind – a few companies at the top tier including Carnegie Wave Energy.
  • 27. Update – October 2014 – Carnegie Wave Energy Technology Releases & Financial Reports http://www.carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/ 2012/120921_Next%20Generation%20CETO%205%20Unit%20Design%20Release.pdf 2012 Release – CETO 5 - CETO 5 utilizes oil and gas standard “quick connect” technology that reduce unit installation time by 80% over previous CETO generations. As with the in-ocean operation of previous CETO units, all critical performance variables will be validated during the project through the use of specialized in-ocean measurement and communications equipment. http://www.carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2013/130412_GMREC%20Presentation.pdf Global Marine Renewable Energy Conference – April 11, 2013 Slide 3 - General Martin Dempsey, Chairman of the Joints Chiefs of Staff, the highest ranking military office in USA and principal military adviser to the US President, inspecting the CETO wave power system in November 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETO CETO 5 contains no oils, lubricants or offshore electrical components. They are built largely from existing offshore components with a predicted subsea lifespan of more than 25 years. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETO Carnegie Wave Energy Annual Reports – 2014, 2013 and 2012: http://carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2014/1014%20annual%20report%20for%20web.pdf - 2014 http://www.carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/2013/130601-CarnegieAR2013-LowQuality.pdf - 2013 http://www.carnegiewave.com/files/asx-announcements/ 2012/Carnegie%20Wave%20Energy%20Annual%20Report%202012.pdf - 2012
  • 28. Update – October 2014 – BOEM and Links to Wave Energy Resources http://www.boem.gov/Renewable-Energy-Program/Renewable-Energy-Guide/Ocean-Wave-Energy.aspx Federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) - Ocean Wave Energy - The recoverable wave energy resource for each US region is estimated as: West Coast of United States - 250 TWh/year http://www.energy-without-carbon.org/Waves Wave power in kW per meter of wave crest in various parts of the world. http://www.energy-without-carbon.org/WaveFarms - Wave Farm Competition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power - Wave Power Systems – Companies and some Locations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power#Point_absorber_buoy – Types of Wave Energy Devices http://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/ocean_energy/in_depth_articles/mountains_of_bluetape_/ "The Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (OES) is an intergovernmental collaboration between countries, which operates under framework established by the International Energy Agency in Paris." Author: Ian Boisvert was a 2011 Ian Axford Fellow in Public Policy through Fulbright New Zealand. Ian is now returned to San Francisco, California, where he practices renewable energy and environmental law. Part Two: United States’s Mountain Chains of Blue Tape Ocean renewable power developers in the United States intent on deploying a pilot scale device must deal with federal and state agencies and laws. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is arguably the most important of the federal agencies because under the Federal Power Act it has authority to regulate and license hydroelectric projects on navigable waters.26 r pilot-scale projects.27 The three types are: preliminary permits, “Verdant Orders”, and pilot project license policy.